نشریه شیمی و مهندسی شیمی ایران
سال سی و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 97، پاییز 1399)

The purpose of this study was to design educational content of Green Chemistry Metrics for undergraduate chemistry students. Based on the purpose of the research, it was an applied-development type, and in terms of collecting and analyzing the data; a descriptive-analytical type is used. The statistical sample was a collection of books, articles, journals, and dissertations related to green chemistry which were selected and analyzed up to getting theoretical saturation. By reviewing related literature and investigating various sources on how to design the educational contents of the chemistry green, and also by directions of the field experts, during several revers phases of core coding, chapters were determined, then, according to the designated chapters, objectives were written for each topic in the target-content table. The results of this study showed that for the design of the content of training green chemistry measurements, two categories of mass measurements and environmental measurements can often be quantitatively evaluated in the twelve principles of green chemistry. In these two categories, there are various methods for assessing the greenness of a reaction (organic reaction synthesis) were identified, including atomic economy, reaction mass efficiency, material recovery parameter, environmental factor, process mass intensity, and effective mass efficiency are presented in a conceptual framework.

Using self-cleaning coatings in the glass industry can significantly improve the cleaning of glasses. Titania, with its photocatalytic properties, is one of the options that has attracted the attention of researchers to synthesize self-healing photocatalytic coatings based on their composites. Therefore, the present study attempted to study the conditions for the synthesis of titanium-silica-manganese composites. For this purpose, stable titanium-silica-manganese solids were prepared by polymer method and coated with Sedalim glass using the dipping method. Then the heat treatment was applied to the glass and powdered from the dried tuber. In order to study the properties of synthetic samples, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-Visible Intrusive Reflection (DRS) spectroscopy Became The photocatalytic activity of synthetic composite was also determined based on the degree of degradation of methyl esterification as a contaminant in its vicinity in the presence of ultraviolet waves. The solution concentrations were determined using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Self-absorption properties of the coating were also measured by measuring the contact angle (CA) of the water on its surface. In order to investigate and observe the microstructure of the synthetic sample, a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) was used. In this study, using a sol-gel method, Titanium-silica-manganese composite coating with an anatomic phase with a crystalline diameter of 8.9 nm, a 4-degree wettability angle under visible light, and the potential for degradation of methylene polysaccharide with a yield of 83%, it was synthesized as a nanostructured self-enveloping photocatalytic coating.

The energy crises of the current century, led humans to ponder new energy sources. One of the interesting methods is the application of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), which is not only used for the purpose of storing heat energy but also is used for the purpose of heat insulation. Besides their advantages, PCMs may have some limitations such as leaking problems and low thermal conduction coefficient. Thus, adding metallic nanoparticles and shell-core structures can improve their thermal properties. In this research, N-octadecane is chosen as core and methyl methacrylate as a shell to synthesize nanoscale materials with core-shell structure. In this work, instruments including SEM, DSC, TEM, and sonicator have been used. The results of the experiments showed that synthesized phase change materials have a mean 79 nm diameter and have a core-shell structure. On the other hand, slurry nanophase change materials have maintained their thermal properties after many cycles and this can be considered as the main advantage in thermal management of different systems. In summary, it is revealed that PCMs and their composites possess advantages in thermal applications. These materials can have a critical and valuable role in thermal management.

In this study, the effectiveness of hybrid epoxy and polyurethane self-healing coatings filled with Linseed oil loaded sub-micron capsules and Benzotriazole as an anticorrosion agent on steel films was investigated. The characteristics of the prepared capsules were perused through FT-IR, FESEM, and TGA techniques for chemical structure, morphology, and thermal stability, respectively. Furthermore, the size distribution of synthesized nanocapsules was studied with DLS technique. The corrosion resistance efficiency of the prepared coatings was investigated with EIS and optical microscopy imaging. In order to reduce the number of experiments and analyzing the obtained data, Taguchi design of experiments and data analysis was used. 52.59% of the encapsulated linseed oil was calculated. The core-shell structure of the capsules was affirmed with FT-IR. The spherical structure and the surface of the capsules were investigated using FESEM technique. The thermal stability of the capsules was determined at about 200°C through TGA. The sizes of the synthesized capsules were determined at about 459 to 719 nm with DLS technique. The better performance of hybrid coatings was confirmed with EIS. The occurrence of self-healing in the place of the scratch was observed using optical microscopy.

In this research, spherical ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and also ZnO nanoparticles impregnated with Rose Bengal dye (dye/ZnO) were synthesized easily by a new method. The resulting particles with the visible light absorption ability were used as modified photocatalysts for the degradation of phenolic pollutants. ZnO nanoparticles and dye/ZnO were identified with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA/DSC), and UltraViolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The energy gap of dye/ZnO was calculated to be about 2/9eV. Experiments showed degradation of phenol by dye impregnated ZnO nanoparticles under visible light has better efficiency in comparison with the pure ZnO nanoparticles. At the time of 130 minutes, dye/ZnO nanoparticles could degrade approximately 96% of phenol, while the pure ZnO nanoparticles had 10% efficiency at the same time. The mechanism of the reaction is based on the optical excitation of both ZnO semiconductor and dye molecules and then charge transfer.

In this study, 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives were prepared through the three‐component condensation reaction between dimedone, aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile in the presence of magnetic raffinose nanocomposite as green, biocompatible, and heterogeneous catalyst. The desired products were achieved within 10-30 minutes with yields of 80-95 percent. Synthetic nanocomposite has been characterized by conventional methods including Fourier Transforms InfraRed (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. This protocol has advantages such as mild conditions, short reaction times, simple procedure, excellent yields of the products, and purification of the products by chromatography-free methods. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposite caused its easy separation by using the external magnetic field from the reaction mixture then the catalyst was reused at least five times without a significant decrease in its catalytic activity.

In this study poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted silica-containing palladium nanoparticle as a heterogeneous and efficient catalytic system is introduced. Initially, acrylamidopropylsilica was prepared with the reaction of aminopropylsilica and acryloyl chloride and then 2-vinylpyridine monomer was grafted onto this functionalized silica by free radical polymerization. Finally, the catalyst was synthesized from the reaction of this polymeric matrix with palladium chloride and subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride. The system was characterized well through various techniques. The presence of functional groups was revealed with FT-IR spectroscopy, the amount of poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted silica was determined by ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA), the amount of palladium on the polymeric matrix was obtained with ICP, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) displayed catalyst morphology,  X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) exhibited the presence of Pd(0) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images showed that palladium dispersed through polymer surface in nanoparticle size without any agglomeration. This catalytic system exhibited excellent activity in C-C cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides, bromides, and also chlorides, with olefinic compounds in Heck-Mizoraki, and with benzylbronic acid in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. The catalyst was recycled and reused up to seven times in the Heck and Suzuki coupling reaction without considerable loss of activity. Short reaction time along with high yields and easy separation and purification of products from the reaction mixture are among the other advantages of this catalytic system.

In recent years, semiconductor photocatalysts have received great research interest for water purification due to their photocatalytic activity under solar light irradiation. In this study, a simple one-step hydrothermal method was used to synthesis a WO3.0.33H2O/BiOCl composite photocatalyst. The products were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques. The photocatalytic properties of samples were investigated by photocatalytic degradation of RhB as a model pollutant under xenon lamp (55 W) and white light LED lamp (30 W) as simulated solar light and visible light sources, respectively. The results indicated that the Bi/W molar ratio has a significant effect on photocatalytic activity. The synthesized sample with Bi/W molar ratio of 1.0 displays the best photocatalytic performance compared with other samples. In the presence of 10 mg of this photocatalyst 80% of RhB solution (60 ml, 10 mg/L) could be degraded in 80 min under simulated solar light irradiation. The results indicated that the higher photocatalytic performance of dye molecules over WO3.0.33H2O/BiOCl composite could be ascribed to its larger specific surface area (26.60 m2/g), lower optical band gap (~2.21 eV) and interaction between WO3.0.33H2O and BiOCl. Also, the radical scavenger experiments exhibit that the holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (•O2) are the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation process of RhB over WO3.0.33H2O/BiOCl composite photocatalyst.

In this work, Pd-Zn bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized in different atomic ratios via a sonochemical method on pretreatment Vulcan XC-72R carbon. The synthesized structures were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, powder X-ray diffractometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrocatalysis activity of synthesized nanostructures for ethylene glycol and glycerol as fuel was investigated and compared with monometallic palladium by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry analysis. Based on the obtained results, the highest and lowest activity in the oxidation process was obtained for Pd2Zn/C and Pd/C, respectively. The investigation of the voltammetric oxidation mechanism of these alcohols on the Pd2Zn/C coated anode indicates that the process is mass controlled and the species diffused into the electrode for oxidation. The results suggest that this bimetallic nanocatalyst is a good candidate as an anodic catalyst for the direct alcohol fuel cells.

In this research, first in a sample aza-Michael addition reaction, the catalytic activity of some protic ionic liquids was investigated. The results show that 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinium acetate had a superior catalytic activity. Then, Michael's addition reaction of different amines with Michael acceptors including n-butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridinium acetate under solvent-free conditions at 100 ºC was studied. The reaction of aromatic and aliphatic primary amines with n-butyl acrylate and acrylonitrile was successful and only mono N-alkylated product was obtained. The reaction of morpholine as a secondary aliphatic amine with three Michael acceptors including n-butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and methyl vinyl ketone was accomplished very fast.

Formation processes require relatively low energy. The chemical properties of a molecule, whether in configuration or formally, can affect its reactivity. In this study, the reaction of increasing halogens to an alkene with methyl and carbohydrate substituents in the presence of different nucleobodies, including HCN, HPMe2, and B3LYP / 6-311G and  B3LYP / 6-311G (d, p) HPMePh was investigated and the structural optimization and reactivity parameters of the spatial composition were calculated in different reactions. The results showed that the increase in bromine to cyclohexone with methyl substitutions in the nucleophilic environment of HPMePh is more stable.

The interaction between the 5-fluorouracil anticancer drug and the purine bases of DNA and RNA was investigated by B3LYP method with the 6-311++G** basis set in the gas phase and water, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and methanol solvents and the geometric parameters, the interaction energy of and the vibrational frequencies associated with hydrogen bonding have been systematically explored. In order to better understand these hydrogen-bonding interactions, Bader’s quantum theory of atoms in molecules was used and the hydrogen bonding energy was calculated by the Spinoza method. Also, single-point calculations were performed using M06-2x method with the same basis set mentioned in carbon tetrachloride and water solutions. The results showed that the interaction energy in this method has increased, but the order of stability of the hydrogen bonding complexes has not changed. It has been determined that strong hydrogen bonds are formed between monomers, which leads to changes in geometric parameters and electron structure of complexes. This subject was confirmed using electron density calculations. Comparison of the intervals and angles of hydrogen bonding showed that the hydrogen bond of N (O) B …H-NFU, in which 5FU acts as a proton donor, is stronger than the OFU … H-NB hydrogen bond. It was also observed that the hydrogen bond in the solvent with a hydrogen bond is weaker than the gas phase and the solvent without hydrogen bonding.

Menthol the most important ingredient in mint and carvacrol essential oil is an important essential nutrient of thyme. Carvacrol and menthol compounds are two important compounds with many medicinal properties, one of their important properties are being antioxidant, which results in the widespread use of these two. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural parameters, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, polarization, hardness, chemical potential, electron density index, and charge of two antioxidant compounds of menthol and carvacrol in the gas phase and in methanol DMSO and dichloromethane solvents. The calculations are performed using the functional density theory with the B3LYP method and using the base set of 6-311G + (d, p). According to the calculations, for menthol and carvacrol compounds the energy gap and hardness are the highest in the DMSO solvent and the lowest in the gas phasewere obtained. The presence of solvent in menthol increased chemical hardness and for carvacrol, the solvent was no significant effect on chemical hardness. A comparison of the chemical potential of menthol and carvacrol compounds showed that the reactivity of carvacrol more than menthol is due to the low chemical potential of carvacrol.The softness and electronaphinity  for menthol in the gas phase were the highest and in carvacrol was not observed a lot of difference in gas and solvent phase.

One of the main processes in the refining industries of the oil industry is the extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Accordingly, accurate prediction of the phase behavior of these systems can improve liquid-liquid extraction.  In this study, the phase thermodynamic behavior of the ternary system of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with ionic liquids is predicted by the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)neural network. The model inputs were considered in modeling the liquid-liquid extraction system, the molar ratio of aliphatic, aromatic, and ionic compounds in the feed, as well as the molecular mass of the ions and the temperature of the extraction system, and the model output was the molar ratio. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the alkane-rich phase and molar ratio of aromatic compounds and ionic liquids in the iron-rich phase were considered. The design parameters of these neural networks, including the number of neurons and the clustering radius of the MLP and ANFIS networks, were optimized by the genetic algorithm evolution method (GA) in order to improve their prediction accuracy. Comparison of prediction accuracy of ANFIS and MLP networks with experimental data based on statistical parameters R2, RMSD, and MAD for ANFIS model was calculated 0.9999, 0.0190, and 0.0129 respectively and for MLP neural network model was 0.996, 0.0204, and 0.0127 respectively. Also, a comparison was made between the prediction accuracy of ANFIS, MLP networks and the NRTL thermodynamic model for two different liquid-liquid extraction systems, their RMSD for the two extraction systems were 0.0093, 0.0110, and 0.0113, respectively. The results of statistical parameters show that these networks have relatively good accuracy in predicting the thermodynamic behavior of liquid-liquid equilibrium and are an effective method.

In the present study, Valeric acid extraction in aqueous two-phase systems polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 4000 g / mol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4) 2HPO4) At temperatures of 35 and 25 degrees Celsius. The effect of salt type and its concentration, temperature, and pH on the formation of an aqueous two-phase system were studied. It was observed that with increasing salt concentration, the distribution coefficient and the percentage of extraction of Valeric acid decreased. The salt type has an important effect on the extraction of Valeric acid so that the sodium salt of dihydrogen phosphate has a higher distribution coefficient(%44) than the other two salts. Also, the extraction of Valeric acid in a lower temperature(Temperature is 25 ° C) environment resulted in a better result. In this study, pH values of 5,6,7,8 were investigated and it was observed that the distribution coefficient of Valric acid would be higher(pH = 5), and the maximum percentage of extraction of Valeric acid for the best salt (sodium dihydrogen phosphate) was obtained up to 50%.

Aqueous two-phase systems provide a suitable environment for the separation of biomolecules, because in such systems there is sufficient water at all stages of the process, and on the other hand, the purpose is to isolate biomolecules and maintain their activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective parameters on the extraction of Ascorbic acid with Sulfate salts and Polyethylene glycol polymer in aqueous two-phase systems. The effect of molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (4000 and 8000 g / mol), salts (MnSO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4), salt concentration, and pH effect on the formation of the two-phase system at temperatures of 32, 37, and 42 °C as investigated. The results showed that by increasing the molecular weight of the polymer, the coefficient of isolation and ascorbic acid extraction percentage decreased. Also, increasing the concentration of salt and temperature, the coefficient of isolation, and the percentage of extraction of Ascorbic acid increases. The separation of Ascorbic acid largely depends on the type of salt. MnSO4 salt showed a higher extraction percent (37.4%) than two other salts. The distribution coefficient of Ascorbic acid was found to be higher at (pH = 5), and the maximum Ascorbic acid distribution coefficient for the best salt (MnSO4) was obtained at 0/423.

Today, the separation of various pollutants including heavy metals from industrial wastes is very important. One of the separation methods is adsorption that has attracted great attention in recent years. In this research, cadmium separation from aqueous solution using adsorption onto activated carbon was investigated and mass transfer performed is modeled using a mathematic model. Activated carbon was produced by the chemical activation of grape stalks waste. Identification methods including BET, FT-IR, and SEM were applied to characterize the produced carbon. The effects of process parameters including solution pH, contact time, initial concentration of cadmium, and temperature were evaluated. Results indicated that the adsorption process  is a monolayer process and the adsorption capacity of prepared activated carbon was 142 mg/L. In order to determine the mass transfer parameters, a mat hematical model was presented and the mass transfer coefficients to transfer cadmium ions from the bulk solution to adsorbing onto activated carbon surface were calculated by solving this model. The sensitivity analysis showed that the external mass transfer diffusion and pore diffusion are more important steps. Also, the regeneration and reusability of adsorbent were investigated.

In this research, some brake pads have been produced by in situ polymerization method and dispersion of Nano clay (Montmorillonite) in a phenolic resin matrix. They possess a long life besides having a smooth and reliable braking ability. The optimum amount of Nano clay was determined to be 2/5% to prevent Nano clay molding and results in its uniform distribution in the phenolic resin bed, as well as increasing the mechanical properties of the brake pad. According to the results of the tests, in two formulations of the same brake pad, one without a Nano clay and the other containing Nano clay, the bending from 70 MPa to 76 MPa, the hardness of the samples from 83 to 91 (shore A), abrasion of samples from 4.2308 × 10 -7 to 3.8674 × 10-7, and the coefficient of friction from 0.228 to 0.232 have been changed, respectively.

Simplified hard dimer chain theory combined with the perturbed chain statistical association fluid theory (PC-SAFT), which is used for binary systems of normal alkanes by Nasrifar, was developed to carbon dioxide-hydrocarbon, nitrogen-hydrocarbon, and natural gas systems. The parameters m, σ, and ε / k for carbon dioxide, nitrogen, isobutane, and isopentane were calculated. The results showed that for these components, the average absolute error obtained using this equation for the vapor pressure of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, isobutane, and isopentane was 2.7, 0.3, 2.1, and 2.2; and for the saturated liquid volume was 1.2, 1.1, 3.1 and 1.5, respectively. Using kij for correction of dispersion interactions, vapor-liquid equilibrium of carbon dioxide- hydrocarbon and nitrogen-hydrocarbon systems were investigated and the results of this equation were compared with the SAFT and PC-SAFT equations, respectively. The results showed that the model has better performance than these two equations of state. Finally, the model was used to predict the dew point temperature of natural gas mixtures, and for these systems, the error obtained from the prediction of the model was lower than the PR78 equation.

One of the most significant current discussions in developed countries is the concern dealing with the emission of anthropogenic Green House Gas(GHG). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the most short- to mid-term trusted remedy method for reducing hazardous acid gas produced in industrial plants. Although deep saline aquifers are good choices in storage of CO2, depleted gas and oil reservoirs could be suitable candidates for either carbon storage or as one of the enhanced gas/oil recovery methods. For a CCS project to be successful, it is essential to evaluate reservoir storage capacity, injectivity, and containment as the chief parameters controlling it. However, so far there have been little investigation, especially on injectivity. This factor is directly controlled by different rock/fluid properties such as absolute and relative permeability. Hence, measurement of relative permeability and end point values are vital in understanding fluid distribution characteristics inside the porous medium.

In this research, the process of desalting and water removal from crude oil by ultrasonic laboratory scale has been investigated. The effect of main parameters including ultrasonic radiation parameters, the input power of radiation, and radiation time, as well as functional parameters such as temperature and injection rate of emulsion breaker, have been investigated on the removal efficiency of salt and water. The results showed that using ultrasonic waves, the amount of Ahwaz crude oil decreased by 40 ppm emulsion breaker from 471 mg/L to 76.18 mg / l, and water content decreased from 9.19% to 1.1%. The rate of desalinization was 83.38% and the rate of dehydration was 88.03%. The amount of Ahwaz 4 crude oil was reduced by injection of 30 ppm emulsion breaker from 353 mg/L to 49.2 mg/L, and water content decreased from 11.36% to 2%, with a desalting rate of 86.06% and a water abstraction of 82.4% have been. These results were obtained at the highest test temperature of 80 °C and 10 KHz, which, with a near approximation to unit efficiency, reduced the use of the demulsifier. In optimal operating conditions, the results show that ultrasonic radiation can be effective in reducing the desalination of crude oil by reducing the amount of emulsion breaker and increasing process efficiency. Also, the results of the research show that the combination method of ultrasound and emulsion breaker is the best way to use emulsion breaker.

In this study, modeling and investigation of desulfurization of diesel Isfahan Oil Refinery Company were performed using membrane process. The total sulfur of diesel as feed to membrane module is 6380ppm. In the research, four kinds of membrane including Polydimethylsiloxane, blend of Polydimethylsiloxane with Polyethylene glycol, blend of Polydimethylsiloxane with Polyethersulfone and blend of Polydimethylsiloxane with Polyacrylonitrile are used. The process variables in this research are pump pressure of membrane module (5-9 bar), crosslinking agent concentration (1.5 and 3 wt. %), crosslinking temperature (65-85°ċ), and crosslinking time (0.5-2.5 h). In the modeling procedure, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and genetic programming (GP) were employed. The Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm was used to train the ANN. ANN architecture with 6 neurons was determined as optimal architecture. ANN and GP are beneficial tools for predicting the performance of RO with high accuracy (R2=0.93 and 0.89 respectively).

Organic Rankine Cycles are appropriate technology for the conversion of low-quality thermal energy to electrical power. In this research, the organic Rankine cycle driven by an evacuated tube collector was studied from energy, exergy, and exergo-economic points of view. Then, various cases such as the temperature and pressure input to the turbine, the temperature difference of the evaporator of the organic cycle, and the solar flux were evaluated. Simulation results show that power energy and exergy efficiency are 45.2 and 9.7 and the amount of work output and total irreversibility are 51.5 and 1291.8, respectively. The solar collector and the storage tank are the most important components from the exergo-economic point of view, due to the high initial cost rate and Exergy destruction. The parametric analysis result shows that the temperature increase in the evaporator has a positive effect on cycle operation and, the increase in pinch point temperature difference of evaporator has a negative effect on cycle operation. From an economic point of view, the increase in evaporator and pinch point temperature difference of evaporator causes the decrease in capital coast rate. Also, the solar radiation change finds to have a positive effect on system operation, based on an exergo-economic point of view, which causes the increase in energy and exergy efficiency.

In this research, the separation of silica particles was experimentally investigated using a cyclonic separator with two feed inlets and a rotating body. Experimental experiments were performed using a laboratory-scale cyclone. In the experiments, the effect of operating parameters including particle size ranging from 15 to 40 microns, air velocity of 30 to 70 cubic meters, and cyclone body velocity from zero to 1900 rpm on cyclone efficiency were evaluated. Experimental results showed that the particles grew by about 1 to 2%, an increase of about 3% by 5% and an increase in the body velocity of about 10% by 13% resulted in improved cyclone efficiency. The results also showed that the body time in the direction of the flow of the input stream would reduce about 48% of the cyclone efficiency. The cyclone pressure drop during the period indicated that this number is more in a rotary state than the steady state of the body, but the uniform distribution of pressure does not cause the effect of the pressure drop on the tangible efficiency. The experimental results also show that increasing the discharge and the speed of the cyclone body increases the tangential velocity and, as a result, increases the centrifugal force, which results in increased cyclone efficiency.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing nations, where the availability of foods containing preformed vitamin A is limited. Beta-carotene can be used as a precursor to vitamin A and has an antioxidant effect. The green unicellular flagellate Dunaliella salina is the richest natural source of the carotenoid β-carotene. Carotenoids are a class of pigments that contain beta-carotene. Under stress conditions such as high light intensity, salinity stress, or nutrient starvation, cells of the unicellular alga Dunaliella salina overproduce β-carotene. The most suitable media for the isolated Dunaliella species at lab scale cultivation was found to be modified Johnson media, which gave the highest growth and β-carotene production so that Dunaliella cells were cultivated in an inorganic media (Johnson media). Operating conditions in the salinity stress tests and light stress in incubator shaker, temperature 28 ° C, with light intensity 100 LUX have been used. In this study, 2% (w/v) Salt of Urmia lake, 20% (w/v) Salt of Urmia lake, 20% (w/v) Salt of Urmia Lake with 25 (μM) Thiamine and 2% (w/v) Salt of Urmia Lake with high light intensity, 20% (w/v) Salt of Urmia lake with high light intensity, 20% (w/v) Salt of Urmia lake with high light intensity and 25 (μM) Thiamine on pure samples of microalgae Dunaliella Salina have been applied. Then, Cell Counting, Dry weight, Optical Density, chlorophyll production, Carotenoid, Protein, and accumulation of beta-carotene have been studied.

The focus of this research is about spectral modification of light using phycocyanin solution for enhancing the growth of microalgae Chlorella sp.. For this purpose, two double-layer flat panel photobioreactor was constructed. In the front layer of the main reactor, microalgae Chlorella sp. was cultivated and the rear layer was filled with phycocyanin solution. In the control reactor (without phycocyanin), the front layer was filled with deionized water instead of phycocyanin solution. Photobioreactors were under the radiation of white LED with the intensity of 490 µmolphoton m-2/s at the temperature of 27±1ºC. Compared to the control system, results showed that biomass productivity (P) and maximum specific growth rate (µmax) increased 75% and 90%, respectively. Also, the content of chlorophyll a was increased, significantly. But lipid content of cells decreased under modified light using phycocyanin.